Chernobyl’s Children…
by Teddi Treybig
April 28, 1999
This paper will tell the story of a small group of committed doctors,
being assisted by other concerned humanitarians, who patiently serve the
innocent and youngest victims of events that transpired before many of them were
even born. These afflicted children
don’t personally remember what happened on April 26, 1986, but their bodies
are a living testimony to the enduring legacy left by the explosion at the
Chernobyl nuclear reactor on that eventful day.
Thirteen years have now passed since Chernobyl’s “15 minutes of
fame,” and as we approach a new millennium, the international community has
largely forgotten the thousands who still suffer in Chernobyl’s aftermath.
Most countries on our planet have citizens that are hungry, diseased, and
impoverished. The sheer magnitude of suffering that occurs daily on Earth
is beyond our comprehension, so we turn our attention to more manageable
concerns and try not to dwell upon conditions over which we have no
responsibility or influence. Does
our inattention, however, lessen the challenges and pain being faced by
countless millions throughout the globe?
In many nations, there are dedicated and caring people who quietly serve,
as best they can, with limited physical resources and unlimited love.
This paper will tell an ongoing story that needs to be told.
It is a story about a scar, not just to a small section of the earth, but
a scar in our global habitat. More
importantly, however, it is a story about the dedicated men and women who are
diligently working for its healing.
Methodology
The material covered in this report has been gleaned from extensive firsthand
accounts provided by several Ukrainian medical doctors, a Ukrainian sociologist,
a retired British surgeon, and an American pastor of Ukrainian descent who has
been instrumental in bringing these various professionals together as they
mutually work to improve medical care for Chernobyl’s children.
This story begins with a brief biographical sketch of each of its main
characters:
· Dr. Vasiliy Pasechnik: Director, Chernihiv Centre of Medical-Social Rehabilitation of Disabled
Children, (affectionately referred to by its staff as the “Revival” Centre).
Dr. Pasechnik is a pediatric doctor, a candidate of medical sciences, and
has been awarded the standing of “Distinguished Doctor of Ukraine.”
He was born and raised in the Chernihiv area (about 40 miles east of
Chernobyl) and has remained there since the Chernobyl accident, continuing his
lifelong service to the local citizens.
· Dr. Anna Yakubova: Director, Polyclinic No. 2, Chernihiv.
Dr. Yakubova , also a pediatrician, grew up in the small village of
Pakul, which is about 25 miles from Chernobyl.
Her widowed mother continues to live there in the family home. · Dr. Natalya Zenchenko: Neurologist;
works at the Revival Centre.
Dr. Zenchenko is Russian and grew up in Omsk, Siberia.
Her family home was 200 miles from Russian atomic trial zones and about
150 miles from the Urals nuclear power plant, which experienced an accident in
1957. Dr. Zenchenko’s father died
of gastric cancer, her grandmother died of brain cancer, and her grandfather
died of skin cancer. Her mother,
who is also a doctor (specializing in epilepsy), lives in Chernihiv, too. · Dr. Yuri Sayenko: Dr. Sc. (Econ.); Deputy-Director, the Institute of Sociology of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev.
During Dr. Sayenko’s long and distinguished career, he has published
more than 150 articles in Soviet, Russian, Ukrainian, and international
periodicals and scientific journals. Between
June 1992 and December 1995, Dr. Sayenko conducted extensive research
(consisting of over 10,000 interviews) on the physical, psychological, and
sociological effects of the Chernobyl disaster on the affected population.
He has shared his findings at numerous international conferences
(Strasbourg, 1994; Zurich, 1994; Geneva, 1994; Colorado Springs, 1994; Greece,
1995; Vienna, 1996). A sampling of his research is included in the Appendix at the
conclusion of this pape During April 1996, Dr. Frohn and Victor Kubik spent two weeks in Ukraine,
touring hospitals and clinics in the Chernobyl area and speaking at length with
doctors, nurses, and local citizens. Dr. Frohn compiled his diary from the trip into a 22-page report, The
Chernobyl Reconnaissance, which is included in its entirety in the Appendix
following this paper. Since his
initial Ukrainian visit, Dr. Frohn has founded the International
Chernobyl Children’s Trust in Great Britain.
He spends much of his time lecturing throughout the United Kingdom to
raise funds and collect clothing, toys, etc., for Chernobyl’s children. · Victor Kubik: American church pastor; lives in Indianapolis, Indiana. Victor
was born to Ukrainian refugees living in a displaced persons camp in Hanover,
Germany, in 1947. His family
immigrated to the United States in 1949. Victor
speaks fluent Ukrainian and Russian, and has traveled extensively throughout the
world, including seven visits to Ukraine since 1992.
Victor is in the process of forming a charitable trust (501C3) called LifeNets,
which will assume responsibility for the humanitarian projects in Ukraine (a
rehabilitation center for children affected by Chernobyl’s disaster), Estonia
(a counseling center for troubled youth), and Malawi (a family health clinic),
in which he is currently involved. Since
his first trip to Chernobyl in 1996, Victor has been instrumental in sending 20
tons of physical supplies (medical equipment, toys, clothes, baby food, etc.),
$250,000 worth of medicine (which he is able to purchase at 4%-6% of cost), and
thousands of dollars in monetary aid to the Revival Centre in Chernihiv.
The medicine and aid are shipped free by the U.S. State Department’s Operation
Support Freedom. Victor
maintains a comprehensive Website, www.kubik.org, where he posts frequent updates of his numerous humanitarian projects.
A sampling of this information is also included in the Appendix following
this report. At the reactor, emergency personnel and firefighters received high doses
of beta and gamma radiation and thermal burns.
Twenty-one workers died within the next four weeks.
The town where most of the plant workers’ families lived, which was
located about a mile away, was evacuated the following day.
135,000 other Ukrainians, living within an 18-mile radius of the plant,
were also relocated (Frohn, 1996). The
“official” death count from the results of the explosion remains listed as
33 persons, although USA Today
reported on April 4, 1991, that closer to 10,000 people had died in the five
years following the accident. “Of the many radionuclides distributed by the plume, the most dominant
were isotopes of iodine, cesium, strontium and plutonium, associated with highly
radioactive fuel particles and dust. The
external exposure to radioactivity in most of Europe was less than would be
experienced by a London-Spain jet return flight.
It was the internal exposure which was significant, the highest doses
being received by children drinking fresh milk from herds grazing contaminated
pastures. Green leaf vegetables, lamb, fruit and rainwater were further
sources of internal exposure” (Frohn, 1996, p. 2). “Some
areas near Chernobyl have even now reported the total absence of
animal life. Dead rats, mice and
other wild or stray animals have been found in massive quantities.
Mutations due to the radiation have resulted in farm animals being born
without heads or eyes or internal organs. This
is due to the fact that radiation levels near Chernobyl have grown higher as a
result of the radioactive contamination that has now entered the soil and the
food chain possibly affecting hundreds of thousands of living beings, according
to David Marples of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. …Today it is
believed that over 4 million people in the Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia
still live on contaminated ground” (Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Website, 1991).
From the time of the 1917 Revolution until Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost
(early in 1986), all news reporting within the Soviet Union was
“official,” meaning it had been approved (and probably provided) by
Communist party representatives. Consequently,
most pre-1986 news stories covered events that supported and validated the party
system – agricultural successes, plant production quotas, the space program,
positive economic news, military interventions that supported political goals,
etc. There was little reporting of
negative events within the Soviet Union, including natural disasters (Ward,
1999). The Chernobyl nuclear disaster was an early test of how “open” glasnost
really was. Initially, government
officials reverted back to their former policies and tried to deny, then to
downplay, the disaster. Finally,
two weeks after the radiation leak, a somewhat comprehensive news conference was
held. Officials still tried to
minimize the magnitude of the disaster, but that may have been as much from
their ignorance as it was from trying to cover things up (Ward, 1999). On Friday, April 26, 1986, Dr. Natalya Zenchenko, a neurologist in the
town of Chernihiv, which is located about 40 miles east of Chernobyl, observed
an unusually large number of helicopters and thought they were on a military
exercise. There was no mention of
the accident on the local radio station. On
Monday, there were rumors about the nuclear plant explosion from wives of
firemen who helped at the scene. The
radio station had still not reported the events (Frohn, 1996). The Chernihiv Health Minister evacuated his own children and
grandchildren while he told local residents that everything was under control.
Concerned doctors gathered together and questioned the City Council, but
were told to mind their own business. To
further reassure area residents, government officials made the decision to
proceed with the planned May Day festivities in Chernihiv.
Some of the top officials (who were wearing protective clothing and had
already evacuated their families from the area), were on the parade route by the
Lenin Monument, smiling at the happy crowds and accepting garlands of flowers
from scantily clad young girls – thus “proving” that conditions were safe
(Frohn, 1996). TASS (the official Soviet news agency) first ran a story about the
Chernobyl accident in Pravda’s
Ukrainian regional newspaper on May 6, 1986.
It appeared about a third of the way down on the right side of the front
page. The short article expressed
thanks for all the help offered, but stated that it was not needed.
It also declared that the accident had been blown out of proportion, and
that readers should trust the government’s handling of the situation (Frohn,
1996). A second article appeared in Pravda
on May 11th and was located on the bottom of page three.
Readers were again reassured that the situation was stabilizing.
It wasn’t until May 17th that local news media alerted
residents to the potential benefits of taking potassium iodide to help block the
uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid (Frohn, 1996). Shortly after the accident, Dr. Vasiliy Pasechnik went to
Dnepropetrovskaya, a village near the Chernobyl reactor.
He measured the radiation with a Geiger counter.
There was a very high level of radiation, yet children were running and
playing in the area. He reported
his findings to the local authorities and was told, “You do your job, and we
will figure out the dose that these kids can take" (Frohn, 1996). “The head of a collective farm did not know what to tell the people, so
he gathered an action committee and asked Dr. Pasechnik to tell them what to do.
He told them to bathe and change their clothes, but there were no baths
in the village. He told them not to
drink the milk and to use powdered milk instead, but there was no powdered milk.
Some people panicked, while others contemplated.
Some drove 50 km to Chernihiv and asked for powdered milk at a farm. They were told that Dr. Pasechnik was causing a panic and
other towns would not let him in” (Frohn, 1996, p. 14). Dr. Pasechnik’s findings were confirmed by another doctor.
He wrote a report outlining steps that should be taken to protect the
local populous, including giving potassium iodide to the children. The report was dated May 6, 1986, and he personally delivered
it to the Chernihiv City Council. The
report was hidden and denied. City
fathers told the doctors they were not doing their jobs properly (Frohn, 1996). Dr. Yuri Sayenko is the Deputy-Director of the Institute of Sociology of
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which is located in Kiev.
Between June, 1992, and December, 1995, he conducted several extensive
research studies on the socio-psychological effects of the Chernobyl disaster on
more than 10,000 residents living in affected areas (Sayenko, 1996). The results of his research are mind-boggling.
“Apathy, passivity, paternalism, lack of initiative, loss of future,
fear of suffered environment, loss of belief in support from the side of
authorities, syndrome of [feeling] doomed, fear for health and future of
children is the uncomplete [sic] list of typical characteristics of the suffered
people” (Sayenko 1996, p.1). “The most striking unexpectedness of Chernobyl has been its
socio-psychological strike at the population.
Ecological, economical and medical post-effects could be foreseen, to
some extent. …However, it has been Chernobyl that has demonstrated tremendous
destroying impact on socio-psychologic sphere of vast masses of population –
up to 6,000,000 of people (including Kiev inhabitants, suffered, in fact, but
not recognized officially, as such ones)” (Sayenko, 1996, p. 3).
“The residents of ‘clean’ areas do not differ in the least, in
their socio-psychological self-appraisals, from the residents of radioactively
contaminated territories. This fact
indicates that the radius of socio-psychologic impact is vastly larger than the
radius of [the] radioactively suffered territory” (Sayenko, 1996, p. 5). Some of the more alarming statistics from Dr. Sayenko’s research
include: · 60% reported being fearful of eating food · 60% reported feeling fearful, helpless, unable to sleep and short of
temper · 20% noted a lack of appetite · 30% reported they had lost interest in living · 45% answered the question, “What do you intend to do to find a way out
of this difficult situation?” with “Nothing.” · The majority of the population is in an “infantile” emotional state;
they have become a “community of the doomed,” relying mainly upon God,
sometimes on themselves, their close relatives, and state aid, for their life. · 90% are only able to concentrate on their own health, and the health of
their children and other close relatives. “The
population, irrespective of residence area and degree of its radioactive
contamination, is fully concentrated on the problems of elementary survival”
(Sayenko, 1996, p. 5). A
comprehensive overview of Dr. Sayenko’s findings is included in the Appendix. “Under socialism everyone was born perfect and so no calculation was
made for abnormalities” (Frohn, 1996, p. 5).
In 1991, after Ukraine’s separation from the Soviet Union, it was
decreed by the Council of Ministers of Ukraine that every oblast (county) should
have a rehabilitation center for disabled children.
Chernihiv is one of only six capital cities of the 25 oblasts in Ukraine
to have such a center. Polyclinic
No. 2 was designed to serve 15,000 children, but now serves around 33,000.
The city is divided into terrWitorial units of 600-800 children who come
under one doctor at the Polyclinic. About
20% of the patients are referred to specialists, either within the clinic or to
a hospital in a major city for surgery or special therapy (Frohn, 1996). The Chernihiv oblast has 262,000 children; 140,000 have been affected by
radiation. Of the 62,000 children
in the city of Chernihiv, two-thirds have received a “Certificate of Radiation
Risk,” which enables them to receive special benefits and to be studied until
they are 40 years old. Only
1% of the area’s children are considered to be perfectly normal (Frohn,
1996). The incidence of disease among children has increased by a factor of
three since 1986. “The first
effect of radiation is to reduce the competence of the immune system leading
initially to respiratory and middle ear infections followed by diseases of the
nervous system, such as paralysis and epilepsy.
There is much neurosis and psychosis.
It is emphasized that these are directly attributed to the effect of
radiation on the brain and not due to radiophobia. Then are followed diseases of the endocrine, renal and
gastro-enterological systems” (Frohn, 1996, p. 4).
“When radiated children are traveling they are obvious.
They are thin, gaunt and with small bones.
They are hyperactive, cannot concentrate and cry easily.
They complain of headaches, insomnia and socialize poorly” (Frohn,
1996, p. 7). Radiation can upset
the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata causing vomiting up to 30 times
daily, resulting in a coma. This
condition is treated with intravenous fluid therapy and sedation. Those who were entering puberty at the time of the accident have been
especially affected by the radiation. Many
of them are now parents – only 3% of
their children are born without abnormalities. Many babies show jaundice and anemia and many are premature.
70% of babies have central nervous
system diseases. The sperm of fathers who were workers at the nuclear plant
show chromosomal damage and have produced children with malignancies and
congenital abnormalities. Boys
entering puberty are impotent, have deformed spermatozoa and are of a weak
physique. Cancer of the thyroid in
children was unknown in Chernihiv before 1986.
The first cases appeared in 1989. Today,
Chernihiv has the world’s highest incidence of thyroid cancer in children
(Frohn, 1996). Alcoholism among children is also increasing. Children start drinking at a very young age and ten-year-olds
have been brought to the Polyclinic with alcohol poisoning.
A bottle of vodka costs one-third the price of one kg of meat (Frohn,
1996). Polyclinic No. 2 has two doctors who have served 60,000 emotionally
disturbed children, using psychotherapy and antidepressants.
They are also the only clinic in the area with a hot line for children in
distress to telephone for help. There
are no family support services in Chernihiv.
“Children are trained to live on ‘enthusiasm’ because there is
nothing else” (Frohn, 1996, p. 10). The Revival Centre was founded as a result of a directive from Ukrainian
cabinet ministers on January 27, 1992, by a committee commissioned to determine
the physically impaired state of Ukraine. The
city of Chernihiv also issued a directive on October 5, 1992, making the Centre
accountable to the city. Although
the government founded the Centre, it is not a government medical organization,
but has a collective form of ownership (Kubik, 1997). The city of Chernihiv pays for Revival Centre’s heat and utilities.
All other expenses are covered through charging tuition and from
charitable donations. The Centre
operates as a non-income organization, since any profit is subject to a 30%
government tax. All workers are
paid the standard government-determined wage.
A neurologist with high qualifications earns 180 hryvna (about $100 US)
per month. Monthly tuition is based
on 28 days of treatment and is set at 330 hryvna ($183 US); but it costs the
Centre 395 hryvna ($220 US) to provide monthly services for each child.
The government pays 20% of the tuition for those children who have been
certified as victims of Chernobyl. Due
to extreme economic difficulties in the area, most parents are unable to pay for
their children’s treatment – thus, Revival Centre relies heavily on
donations from outside sources (Kubik, 1997).
Dr. Vasiliy Pasechnik, a pediatric doctor with the highest
qualifications, directs Revival Centre. He
is ably assisted by another pediatrician, a neurologist, a psychiatrist,
orthopedic therapists, two medical psychologists, plus pedagogues in computer
sciences, workers to help develop the intellect and correct speech deficiency,
and nine nurses. The Centre also
employs a bookkeeper, sanitary workers, a housekeeper, a chauffeur, and
cafeteria workers. The entire staff
numbers 31 (Kubik, 1997). Lydia Kubik-Bauer, Victor’s sister, visited the Revival Centre in
November of 1996. She shared the following observations upon her return to the
United States: The
tour of the (Revival)
Centre was one of the highlights of my trip.
It was the first institution I saw in Ukraine that was moving FORWARD
rather than just trying to survive. …The one word that describes the Centre
best is “un-Soviet” (if there is such a word).
The Centre is warm, bright, colorful, cheerful, unique.
The children come to the Centre daily for 4 weeks of therapy.
They are given instructions for continued therapy at home.
If they continue to improve, they get to come back for another 4-week
round of therapy that they all want to do because it is so much fun. The
Centre fully integrates the physical, emotional, and social needs of the
children in their treatment; a concept new to Ukraine.
Another unique feature of the Centre is that the parents are actively
involved in the therapies of their children.
A parent or guardian accompanies the child daily to the Centre.
The child goes through the different therapies daily: physical therapy,
massage, hydrotherapy, vocational training (sewing, handcrafts, woodworking,
computers) and is seen by physicians for medical needs: shots, vitamins,
testing, etc. Meet Some of Revival’s
Children · Olga, age 12, is a bright-eyed little girl who loves dancing and
gymnastics. In · While undergoing a routine health check-up at school, 14-year-old Lena
was · Vitaly, 10, cannot walk or use his arms. His paralysis is due to complete · Sergei and Ira are twins born on June 15, 1994.
Their mother was five-years- From the initial concern of two men who met by chance in 1995, Maurice
Frohn from Great Britain and Victor Kubik from the United States, an incredible
synergistic ripple has begun. The British Ambassador to Ukraine, Mr. Roy Reeve, has taken a keen
interest in the Revival Centre in Chernihiv.
He cut the ribbon at its opening on June 19, 1996, and returned a year
later to speak at its first anniversary celebration luncheon.
“The Embassy has a small staff in this large country with which to help
with what is a world catastrophe. The
British government will support the Centre and we will establish friendships in
Chernihiv, which will be repeatedly visited.
A toast to the people of Chernihiv and to closer links between our two
countries” (Kubik, 1997, p. 5). Also present at Revival Centre’s first anniversary celebration, were
three representatives from a Belgium relief organization, Recht
op Toekomst (Right to the Future), which has donated a hydrotherapy pool and
other aid to the Centre (Kubik, 1997). The trustees of the International
Chernobyl Children’s Trust gathered for their annual board meeting on
March 24-25, 1999. On March 24th,
they met at the Royal Society of Medicine, a non-political, charitable
foundation with 17,000 fellows (including Dr. Maurice Frohn), located at 1
Wimpole Street, London. Present at
the meeting were the Ukrainian Ambassador to Britain, Volodymer Vassylenko,
Second Secretary Natalia Martynenko, Royal Society of Medicine President Lord
Soulsby, Executive Director Anne Gronock, Dean of the Royal Society of Medicine,
Jack Tinker, and the trustees of The discussions centered upon strategies for promoting professional ties
between doctors in Ukraine and the United Kingdom through the exchange of
professionals and fellowships, as well as through the sponsoring of topical
conferences (Kubik, 1997). In the United States, Victor Kubik has been a one-man band promoting
awareness of, and directing aid to, the Revival Centre in Chernihiv.
Since 1996, he has been a tireless worker in promoting Lafayette,
Indiana’s annual fundraiser, Day of
Thanks. The proceeds from this expanding event benefit a local breast
cancer support group, as well as the Revival Centre in Chernihiv (Kubik, 1998). Victor’s influence has inspired church youth groups in the Dallas/Ft.
Worth area to collect clothing, toys, and money for Chernobyl’s children.
He has also established relationships with numerous medical clinics in
Minnesota, which have donated used medical equipment and other aid to the
Revival Centre (Kubik, 1998). “Ukraine is in a crisis economically and socially.
The nation’s health has significantly decreased since the Chernobyl
disaster eleven years ago. The
nation has also gone through unhealthy social changes that need to be known to
the world. Our nation has the resources, knowledge and skills to be
revived. What it needs most now is
support from people in the West who can help us find solutions to our
problems” (Sayenko, 1997, p. 1). Despite incredible economic constraints, the Chernihiv Centre of
Medical-Social Rehabilitation of Disabled Children (Revival Centre) continues to
survive as an oasis of hope for the children it serves.
Its highly competent and dedicated staff combine limited physical
resources with unlimited love in their daily endeavors. Both physical and informational aid would be of benefit to Revival
Centre. · Dr. Vasiliy Pasechnik and
Dr. Maurice Frohn are planning a visit to the United States in mid-August, 1999.
They are finalizing details
for visits to a rehabilitation clinic in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and to the Mayo
Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. They
are desirous of including additional visits and interviews with other medical
facilities and universities that are interested in discussing their work.
Victor Kubik will accompany them and provide translation for Dr.
Pasechnik.
· Medical specialists to
visit the Revival Centre – Visiting professionals
would be able to learn from Chernihiv’s nuclear experience, plus contribute
their knowledge and expertise to Revival’s challenges. · Training opportunities for
Revival’s Staff – Revival’s already competent staff would welcome
opportunities to visit medical facilities and universities in other countries to
increase their effectiveness in treating disabled children.
· Medical equipment – As medical facilities in the United States upgrade their equipment,
the out-dated machinery would be of inestimable value in Chernihiv.
Free shipping is available through U.S. State Department programs, such
as Operation Support Freedom. · Medicines – All types of medication are desperately needed by Revival Centre,
including antibiotics, epilepsy medicine, vaccines, and even aspirin and aspirin
substitutes. These are virtually
unobtainable within Ukraine and must be supplied through sources in developed
nations. · Financial support – Since its inception, the tuition charged by Revival Centre has never
adequately covered its costs of operation.
Most families of the children being served simply do not have the
required funds, nor can the local city government help beyond covering the
Centre’s basic utility bills each month.
The Ukrainian government does contribute 20% of the fees for those
children who have been designated as victims of Chernobyl, but this is not a
significant source of income. Revival
Centre has gratefully received donations from concerned individuals in Great
Britain and the United States. However,
there is an on-going need for continued financial support.
The
previous account is only a fraction of Chernobyl’s story that could be told.
It is a story of intense and continuing pain, poverty, and suffering.
But more importantly, it is a story of quiet dedication, loving service,
and of hope for a brighter future. Dr.
Vasiliy Pasechnik expressed the following comment during the first anniversary
celebration luncheon at Revival Centre: “It is the willing heart that does
everything and revolutionary things are being done in Chernihiv” (Kubik, 1997,
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